Chicana Role in Society

JannineClare Mendioro K. Land Puente English 102 12/07/12 Paper #5 My mom would sometimes look at me and says my generation is lucky. I never did give a thought what she meant about what she said especially when I came from a family, a clan where women are normally treated as equal as men and sometimes are more precious. But as I slowly grow up, I realized my family traditions view of women are different from the majority of people. In majorities, traditionally women are supposed to stay at home, take care of the kids and dependent towards men. The only females that were permitted to go during the old days were wealthy privilege daughters.During the generation x, women have concerns about equality. Even though Anglo women generally have the same concern with color women, Chicana women have more problem due to their cultural difference which cause Chicana to struggle to adapt in current society means. Regardless what race, majority of women were conventionally oppressed and were not s een equal to men. In â€Å"La Chicana: Her Role in the Past and Her Search for a New Role in the Future† by Berinice Rincon, Rincon portrays Chicanas role in the family. Rincon explains that Chicana women are â€Å" †¦ xpected to be submissive, faithful, devoted, and respectful to her husband and to take the major responsibility for rearing the children†(25). The wife's role in the family is to take care of the kids and the household chores. She is not expected to do anything that’s not related to household chore and taking care of the children. Specifically, â€Å"†¦. Nor is she supposed to share in [her] [husband] political, economic or social activities unless they are centered around the home†(Rincon,25) and she may â€Å"†¦ not interrupt when [he] talk about the things that interest [him] and [his] friends†(Brady,25).As Brady stated, the ideal wife is â€Å"A wife who will have the house clean†(25). Brady is a white house wife who is also expected to do the chores at home. Women were not supposed to talk about political and/or economic view because by doing so they would be questioning mens decision. In addition, Kincaid, a caribbean women claims that the mothers also teaches their daughter â€Å"How to iron [their] father’s khaki shirt†(Kincaid) because when they grow up they would be the one who will iron their husbands khaki.The mother is conditioning their daughter to be submissive by teaching them to take care of the household chores and following her footsteps. Furthermore, Brady conveys that men would like a women who will support them in their career. A wife who would work for him to go to school, take care of the family and take care of the house. Then the men would want â€Å"†¦ a wife to quit working and remain at home so that [his] wife can more fully and completely take care of wife duties† (Brady,26). Because, traditionally women were viewed to stay at home and not work.Thus, â€Å"It is her place and duty to stand behind and back up her macho† (Vidal,23). Actually, White women and Chicanas tackles the same issues in society. First, â€Å"Women are not accepted as community leaders either by the Chicano movement or by the Anglo establishment†(Vidal, 22). During generation x, it is not common to have a women as a leader because they were conventionally portrayed to be submissive and not involved in economic and/or political view thus making it harder for them to gain equality and/or fight for change in their current situation.In fact, â€Å"The white male rulers would want Chicana to accept their oppression precisely because they understand that when Chicanas begin a movement demanding legal abortion, child care, and equal pay for equal work, this movement will pose a real threat to their ability to rule†(Vidal,24). White men want Chicana to accept their oppression because if they don’t accept oppression, they w ould help their white female counterparts to gain equality considering that they have generally the same concerns therefore posing a threats towards white mens power.On this occasion women wants equal pay and right to control their own bodies. What’s more, â€Å"84% agreed that women do not receive equal pay for equal work† (Vidal, 21). Women were not treated equally. Even though they do the same work as the men, no matter what race they were, women were not getting payed with the same amount of money as the men did which will cost shortage in home income. Less money they bring at home the more they will have problems because the cost of living is going up. Furthermore, Vidal claims the Chicana movement would want â€Å"Free legal abortions and birth control for the Chicano community†(21).Both Chicanas and White women are concerned about the right to control their own bodies as resulted in Roe vs Wade where wade won the case and her right to control her body. Th us both White and Chicana women wanted to have a free legal abortion and birth controls because with birth controls they could have more control on how many children they will have. Their expenses will increase if they have more children. It will be harder to support 5 or more kids especially if they only have a low income job.Although White women and Chicana women have things in common, Chicana women are more affected due to racial difference thus making it harder for them to cope in current time. In Latino culture a bad women is viewed as â€Å"The Mala is hard and impious and independent like the macho† (Rincon, 26). In this instance,â€Å"The social station of la mujer mala-Indian women- was [†¦. ] [that] [they] actively participated in the religious, social and commercial life of their own people. They shared the responsibility of the household and also contributed to the economy and social life†(NietoGomez, La Chicana.. 50) but â€Å"The Anglo tradition of industrial and political democracy has encourage women to actively seek equal rights and employment outside the home† (Rincon,26). This is where traditional values of Chicana is crushed with modern time. It was harder for chicana to be encouraged by the industrial and political democracy of the Anglo to fight for their independence because Chicanas culture viewed an independent woman and a woman who participates in economic and politics as a â€Å"bad† women just like the la mujer mala-Indian women.Hence â€Å"The Chicana is torn between being what her [Culture] wants her to be and what she knows she must become in order to function in today’s action oriented world† (Rincon,26). To function to current time she needs to be independent but her cultural views contradicts it. As a result â€Å"84% felt that they were not encourage to seek professional careers and that higher education is not considered important for Mexican women†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Vidal,21). Bec ause most Mexican women felt like higher education is not necessary, they wouldn’t obtain higher education therefore making them only eligible to have a job as a worker.To put it another way, â€Å" Raza women suffer a triple form of oppression: as members of an oppressed nationality, as workers, and as women†(Vidal,23). â€Å"Because the Chicana may suffer from the sex discrimination as well as from racial discrimination, the Chicanas income is at the bottom of the economic ladder† (NietoGomez, Chicanas in.. ,126). For example, â€Å"The median income of the Chicano ($5100) is almost three times as much as the median income of the Chicana ($1800)† (NietoGonez, Chicanas in.. ,126). â€Å"Therefore, the Chicana is primarily a poorly paid worker, with ittle or no job opportunities† (NietoGonez, Chicanas in.. ,127). Chicana is basically the most unprivileged people. Their own culture discriminate them to be independent and if they try to get a job the y have the least opportunity to earn money and to change their current situation. It would be more tougher if the women is a single parent and/or the only one in the family who has an income. As a result of Chicanas cultural values where women are supposed to be dependent, it made it harder for them to advance in society.Their cultural values collided with moderns times cause them to be behind in society’s change. That explains why there are only few successful chicanas because it took them longer to be encourage to have a career. In todays generation, generation y, women are encouraged to have careers, especially minority women. In fact, there are scholarship, programs and foundations that encourage minority women to go to male dominant fields. There are still a little discrimination in workplace but it’s not as severe as before and it’s pretty rare too.If someone discriminate a person due to their gender, that person could sue the person who discriminated them . There are still double standards but as time goes by double standards slowly fades away. â€Å"The status quo must go! It is a new time, and we need to make use everybody’s talent and energy† (Rincon,25). For our country to develop and become more successful we need to encourage everybody to strive for a higher standard and provide them the opportunity to reach their dreams no matter what race and/or gender they are.

“Sometimes You Have to Pick the Gun Up to Put the Gun Down” Essey

â€Å"Sometimes you have to pick the gun up to put the gun down.† This quote was said by Malcolm X, who was an African American Minister and a human rights activist. It means that sometimes you have to fight in order to achieve peace. I agree with what he said because in order to get what you want you have to fight for it.Two literary works that reflect this quote are Fences, a play about the struggles of African American before and during the Civil Rights Era in the 1950s and 60s, by August Wilson and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† a short story that shows the difference between women and men during that time, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. ‘Fences’ shows the revolution the characters face, their actions and what is the result of those choices. Whereas, ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ is about how the wife struggles to speak against her husband.She shows revolution when her husband tells her not to write but she secretly writes in her journal. Both literary pieces, Fences, by Wilson and The Yellow Wallpaper by Perkins Gilman, shows how the lack of communication, the lack of acknowledgment and the demand for changes shows how the characters fight for what they want.The play Fences is set in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the 1950 and ‘60s by August Wilson. August Wilson was named Frederick August Kittel when he was born to a German father and an African American mother in 1945. When Wilson was sixteen, he was accused of plagiarism at school when he wrote a sophisticated paper that the administration didn’t believe he could write.The principal suspended him and later ignored his attempts to come back to school. Wilson soon dropped out of school and educated himself at the local library. Wilson got involved himself in the black power movement while he worked on his poetry and short stories.The characters Wilson includes in his play Fences are Troy,the main character, where he struggles to carry his family; Rose,Troy’s wi fe who is a typical 1950s house wife; Cory, who is the son of Troy and Rose, wants to be like Troy in the beginning, but fights with Troy for he tries to take his dream of a football career from him.The short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is set in the 19th century in America by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born on July 4, 1860, in Hartford, Connecticut. At the age of five Gilman taught herself how to read, because her mother was sick. In 1884 she married an artist Charles Walter Stetson.Their only child Katherine Beecher Stetson, was born the  following year. Gilman suffered a postpartum depression in the months after Katharine's birth. After her mother died she decided to move back east, where she met her cousin Houghton Gilman, who she had not seen in fifteen years. She married Houghton and moved to Norwich, Connecticut. After Houghton died,with cerebral hemorrhage in 1934, she moved back to Pasadena, California. In January 1932, Gilman was diagnosed with incurable breast cancer. Gilman committed suicide on August 17, 1935 by taking an overdose of chloroform.In the play Fences, ‘the lack of communication’ between Troy and Cory shows revolution. Cory is scared of Troy so he could not talk to him. Troy is always bossing around Cory, so Cory feels distance towards his dad. â€Å"All you ever did was try and make me scared of you . I used to tremble every time you called my name. Every time I heard your footsteps in the house.Wondering all the time†¦. what’s Papa gonna say if i do this?†¦. What’s he gonna say if I do that? †¦ What’s Papa gonna say if I turn on the radio?† (Wilson 86-87). This quote states that Cory was scared of Troy and could not speak to him, and thought about how his actions affect the way his father acts and speaks towards him.The literary techniques Wilson shows is repetition. Repetition is a way that the writer conveys how important Cory’ s feelings are and how concerned someone is. The repetition of the words â€Å"What’s pappa gonna say† shows how Cory is too concerned about the relationship between his dad and himself. The lack of communication between father and son cause Cory to revolt towards his dad.The lack of acknowledgment in the play Fences between Troy and Cory cause their relationship to decline even further. One of the greatest sources of disappointment in Troy's life is the fact that he wasn't allowed to play pro baseball, Even though he used to hit homeruns in the Negro Leagues, he couldn't go to the majors because of racial discrimination. He doesn't let Cory play football, because he doesn't want Cory to feel what he felt during his time.Troy’s lack of acknowledgment of Cory’s potential destroys Cory’s dream by not signing the papers and not letting the college recruiter from coming. â€Å"I got sense enough not to let my boy get hurt playing no sports†(Wils on 39) He unconsciously stats that he doesn't want Cory to feel  how he felt during his time. This quote references flashback because in this quote Troy refers back to what had happened to him during his athletic career, and how it affected his life.In this quote he speaks like a father who is making decisions for his son and his future, even though the people around him is telling him that the time has changed and it is not like before. Troy’s lack of acknowledgment causes Cory to lose his dream and late Cory to leave the house.

American Revolution

American Revolution To what extent was the American Revolution caused by an ideological commitment to republicanism? There has been much debate surrounding the causes of the American Revolution. It has been a key debate amongst historians producing several schools of thoughts with conflicting interpretations of the revolution. They all place a different focus, some blaming short term issues while others trace the revolution back to a combination of factors. Fundamentally, no historical event can be fully explained by one single event or development. I hope to show that the American Revolution was a result of a long term process, its causes lie in the change in relationship between the American people and their English colonialists. Part of this process is the development of and commitment to a republican ideology. However such an ideology cannot be produced within a vacuum but is the result of an accumulation of social change triggered by certain grievances or objections to the existing order. On the o ne hand, it has been argued that the causes of the American Revolution lay in the political changes that came about after the 1760s. The materialisation of a considerable political ideology namely republicanism has been argued to have been the key force which propelled the American people into a revolution. Comparatively, Americans had previously been content and indeed loyal to the mother country and its monarchy. Steve D. Crow even labels Virginians as ‘royalists’ and proclaims that the majority of people had once ‘sided with the King’.[1] However this is not a view that lasted but one can trace the collapse of such a view from the 1760s and perhaps even earlier. Republicanism is the political embodiment of this very shift in belief toward the mother country. America went from it being primarily controlled by English colonialists to Americans demanding sovereignty, self government and freedom from English influence. Inspired by enlightenment writers such as John Locke the Republicans believed that a legitimate state authority should be derived only through consent of the governed.[2] Through such criteria, Britain was increasingly seen as corrupt, hostile and a threat to the liberties that Americans enjoyed. The greatest threat being ‘corruption’ as colonialists were seen as royal appointees not answerable to the people, causing unnecessary taxation and being part of an inherited aristocracy: This all against the ideals of republicanism.[3] Therefore, as the strength of republicanism greatened, with it augmented the breakdown of the relationship between the English and the Americans. Republicanism is indeed a key movement which combined a number of objections to the British, an organised movement that had not before existed. The nature of the movement most definitely spurred on masses of support and marked a departure from the acceptance of British rule. However, it is questionable whether this commitment to republicani sm was enough on its own to have caused the American Revolution. There are several causes that predate republicanism, these causes not as organised but certainly are key turning points in changing the attitude of the American people in favour of revolt against English control. However, the Neo-Conservative School of Thought would argue that the commitment to republicanism was indeed enough to cause the American Revolution. They place the main reason for the revolution in the ‘conservative act’ which took place as American tried to preserve a life they had started. The revolution was based upon certain ‘principle’ that they sought to protect.[4] These very principles were the foundation of the Republican agenda. Robert E Brown and Daniel J Boortsin write that the American people sought to ‘maintain the status quo’ through revolution. For example, the British imposed taxes to create capital after the French and Indian war even though it was contr adictory to the constitution. Neo-conservatives argue that the Americans rebelled against this as they were protecting their existing rights of no taxation without representation. Boortsin rights ‘the patriots more true followers of the British Constitution than the British themselves.’ A natural evolution if this desire to maintain and protect ‘principles’ can be argued to have been Republicanism. This is because, Republicanism sought to condemn the ‘corruption’ of the British rule and protect American rights which have been betrayed under British rule as it became clear that the British were seeking their interests. In a similar vein the Imperial School of Thought believes that it as also political issues namely constitutional issues that caused the revolution. Historians such as George L. Beer, Charles M. Andrew and Lawrence H. Gipson are not as negative about British rule as the Neo-Conservatives. Instead they highlight the prosperity exper ienced by colonies under British rule. As Andrews asserts the British protected ‘American goods and ships’. Gipson puts forward the case for taxation as being just as the British had made great sacrifices â€Å"defending the North American colonies in the Great War for Empires.†[5] Nevertheless, despite this positive view of British rule the Imperial School of Thought agree that ‘constitutional’ disagreements erupted between the two countries. As Americans sought self government the British in parallel pushed for more control. Thus, the British and the colonies clashed as the fought for different gaols. Therefore, these groups of historians favour a political explanation as the main cause of the American Revolution. In this light they may than agree that a commitment to the republican ideology was indeed the main cause of the American Revolution. However, by centring their explanation of the revolution upon political developments and clashes such his torians ignore other factors that were influential in creating a revolution. Others historians have brought forward the economic occurrences that in their opinion hold greater weighting when it comes to what they believe caused the American Revolution.

Recruitment and Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Recruitment and Selection - Essay Example Heavy reliance on internal sources is thought to perpetuate the racial, gender, and age composition of the workforce. Thus, a balance between promoting current employees and hiring outside applicants is needed. Newspaper ads. Running ads in periodicals such as local newspapers or professional journals is a common method of recruiting employees. In fact, in a survey of 188 organisations, personnel executives claimed newspaper advertising to be one of the most effective avenues of applicant recruitment (N.A. Mason & Belt, 1986). Although little research is available, there is plenty of expert advice on the best way for an employer to write recruitment advertisements. Kaplan, Aamodt, and Wilk (1991) tested some of this expert advice by first determining the characteristics of help-wanted ads and then comparing the design of actual help-wanted ads in 10 newspapers with the quantity and quality of applicants who responded After examining thousands of ads, Kaplan et al (1991) found 23 advertising characteristics, as follows: Ad Design: company emblem included, creative illustrations used, creative wording, white space around ad, job title enlarged or in bold face. Legal Information: affirmative action statement, EEO statement. Information about the Job: Benefit package listed, job title mentioned, salary description, multiple jobs listed in the same ad. Information about the Company: company address listed, company description included, company name mentioned, phone number listed. Applicant qualifications: educ ation requirements, personality traits desired, pervious experience requirements, skills needed by applicants, salary history requested. After comparing the presence or absence of the 23 characteristics with the presence or absence who responded to the ad, the researchers found that ads displaying the company

Set out the main ways in which continental European employees' working Essay

Set out the main ways in which continental European employees' working conditions are said to be better than for those working - Essay Example This model came into existence after the World War II. These countries opened their economies by abandoning protectionist policies. This social model was also possible because of the availability of cheap energy to drive their industries. European states usually do not have a single social model that applies to all of them. However, welfare states have some similar broad characteristics. These characteristics include the commitment to a social protection scheme, democracy, social inclusion, and full employment (Vanhuysse, 2012). The European community treaty establishes several objectives that these states have to meet. These objectives includes promoting employment opportunities, improving the working and living conditions, establishment of trade unions, better management and labor policies, encouraging investments, developing human resources, and tackling the problem of unemployment. The focus of this model varies amongst the various European states. This is because each state puts some focus on a different aspect of this social model, and the European treaty. Due to the differences in the implementation of this social model, it has been argued that there are four main social models in Europe (Munck, 2012). They are the Anglo-American model, the Nordic, the Continental and the Mediterranean model. This paper concerns itself mainly with the Anglo-American and the Continental European economic models, and how these models treat employees working in their industries. These social models encouraged industrialization; hence there was the need of workers to drive the growth of these industries. Up to date, business organizations, irrespective of their sizes are responsible for employing a large percentage of workers in Continental Europe, and the Anglo-American economy. These firms account for wealth creation in Europe, and they determine the political organizations which are responsible for regulating the society and the economy. The areas of regulation are on the status of European employees, and their welfares or interest (Burroni, 2012). It is important to denote that the continental European social model is different from the Anglo-American social model. The manners in which these two models treat their employees are very different. This paper seeks to analyze the Anglo American social model, and how it treats its employees. This paper also analyzes the Continental European social model, and how it treats their employees. After these analyses, this paper identifies their differences and similarities. This paper takes a stand that the working condition of the Continental European employees is far much better, than the working conditions of the Anglo-American employees. This paper explains how Continental Europe managed to improve the working conditions of its employees. In explaining these points, this paper focuses on Denmark, Germany, and Netherlands. The countries that ascribe to the Anglo America model are Ireland and the United Kingd om. According to this model, the state plays a minimal role in regulating the performance of its market. That means the elimination of various barriers to trade such as taxes. It also means that the state does not interfere with the pricing system of companies. This is because the level of competition within an economy will most definitely determine the prices of products sold in the economy. This model is also characterized by very high competition amongst companies. This is

The role of the International monetary fund (IMF) in helping poor and Essay

The role of the International monetary fund (IMF) in helping poor and debt-troubled countries - Essay Example Consequently, the institution offers advice on investments in the public sector. The IMF supports United Nations policies on development. A good illustration can be derived from the fact that IMF is primarily concerned in financing services that raise public welfare such as education and health. IMF finances various aspects of the economies of debt ridden countries to achieve general Equilibrium. Stability of the economy benefits civilian populace both economically and socially. Moreover, stability in the economy enhances security and sound governance. If IMF intervention does not stabilize the economy, a crisis is imminent, which often yield to violence in poor countries. Such conditions are evident in African countries. IMF is a financial institution obliged to offer development loans to countries. However, countries must fulfill asset of condition before their application can be granted. The eligibility conditions or criteria are several. The first condition is that the IMF should have a direct link to the program that is being rolled out with its money. The condition is aimed at enhancing accountability and control of the economic direction by the IMF. Consequently, the condition acts as security for the MF funds by avoiding misallocation or squandering by government officials. Second, the project that is supposed to be financed must be stated clearly, with the requirements. This information can be found on the IMF factsheet. In addition, the government must accompany the information with the reasons that caused of the problem and the efforts that are being made to ensure that the situation is resolved in the future. The factors that led the government to request funds from the IMF must have a proposed solution in the loan application details. The IMF can approve the proposal, reject them or offer alternative policies that can achieve similar or better results (IMF). In cases where the economic policies of the

Future of Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Future of Human Rights - Essay Example The significance of the influence presented by the rise and continuing growth of these countries stems from the assertion that social, economic and political power play a vital role in comprehending human rights concept and its corresponding international regime. The emergence and growth of the BRICS countries has implications on human rights since social, economic and political power is shifting from the western states to non-western states. Such power shift generates divergent understanding of political legitimacy and morality hence development of a new world order goes beyond the notion of the dominance of western states. This paper investigates the future of human rights. State sovereignty relates to the continuing tensions between human rights regimes’ foundational principles and their role in contemporary world typified by preferences, values, power and ideas diffusion. The concept of human rights in the 20th century was all about relationship between the state and its citizens (the ruler and the ruled) and that the states’ external legitimacy in the global arena was shaped by the political order of its constituent domestic societies. This model has since changed in â€Å"modern† decades owing to the increased implications of weak states to adequately protect human rights; growing interdependencies; and emergence of the global community having settled norms (Engstrom, 2010). These arguments have changed sovereignty from entailing only power to a concept involving responsibility too. Several bodies and organizations have been established to uphold protection of human rights across the world beyond the â€Å"sovereignty† o f states that is such bodies can intervene, with military deployment as the last resort, if the state fails to respect human rights. The second theme concerns the implication of a global system

Introduction to the Special Section on Dramatic Play Essay - 1

Introduction to the Special Section on Dramatic Play - Essay Example Dreams can occur in any of four stages of sleep. But the most memorable and flamboyant dreams occur in REM sleep or last stage of sleep. Sleep cycle reiterates itself about four to five times on average per night, but can be repeated as many as seven times. Therefore, one can imagine why people have different dreams during one night. But, mostly people only remember the dreams that happen during the time they are about to wake up. People don’t remember those dreams don’t mean they never happened. Some people think that they don’t dream at all but in reality, they do but just don’t remember what they dreamt about (Porter, 1987). How did Freud use dreams to help people understand their behaviors? What evidence did he use to support the contention that dream analysis is a valid way of treating mental illnesses? Did the evidence he provide support his claims?   Psychotherapy is a way that the dream material is examined clinically. It is vital to realize that dream is never used by you itself. When you are telling someone about your dream, it is not possible to portray the images you supposed while you were sleeping. Putting dream into words is a flawed endeavor to explain what you witnessed. Freud advised that dreams may reproduce our unconscious and unrecognized desires and fears. He said that person’s dreams are interpretations of psychological well being. He suggested that the unconscious disturbances in the thoughts of people are depicted in dreams and mental health is enhanced by interpreting the dreams (Zimbardo, Johnson & McCann, 2009). The idea that Freud brought about dreams harvest little bolster within modern psychology. His overuse and use of the symbolization occurring within dreams, and the symbols was representative of sexual organs which bore little credence at that time and even lesser psychoanalysis that had that

Health Care Enterprise (IHE) implementation Essay - 1

Health Care Enterprise (IHE) implementation - Essay Example Some studies conducted in practices of surgery and others in out-patient clinics (Littman, 1991). At the beginning of the literature reviews of search strategy to enhance the process of thinking regarding the focus and topic of the most important literature (Hunnicutt, 2010). The research conducted using the keywords; non-attendance rate, patient not turning up, no-shows, preoperative education, did-not- attends theatre utilization and preoperative teaching (Gupta, 2009). For the search to be refined techniques such as Boolean connectors (AND, OR), ex â€Å"preoperative patient education† quotations (â€Å"x†), ex. (non-attendance rate and theatre utilization) were applied. This aided in the achievement of the exact or accurate information and also saved time. Furthermore, this forwarded the search used to track the publishing of information by examining the lists of references that selected studies preferred and looked at the citations (Malika, 2005). Scott sought for non-attendance reasons from patients and a barium enema was requested. Literature proves the reasons of non-attendance as generally classified as multi-factorial (Wicker, & Oneill, 2010, 249). They differ in healthcare practices, settings, and/or times (McLaughlin, 1994). The impression given to the reader is that results change according to other factors. The validity and reliability of the used measures are reported clearly and precisely (Woodhead, & Wicker, 2005, 141). The overviewed literature is quite replete with evidence of the importance of improving the patient-hospital communication (Dickson, 2008). The communication was improved by the interventions of reminders from telephone and personal contacts with the patients (Stolt, 2009, 5). The interventions were used in most studies and shown the effectiveness in reducing the rates of non-attendance (Stolt, 2009,

Accounting Information Systems Simulation Paper Essay Example for Free

Accounting Information Systems Simulation Paper Essay Internal controls are all measures taken by an organization for the purposes of protecting its resources against waste, fraud, or inefficient use; ensuring the reliability of accounting data; securing compliance with management policies; and evaluating the performance of all employees, managers and departments within the organization. The accounting system depends upon internal control procedures to ensure the reliability of accounting data. Many internal control procedures on the other hand make use of accounting data in keeping track of assets and monitoring the performance of departments. Internal control is looked upon more and more as a solution to a variety of potential problems. The effectiveness and efficiency of operations as a technique relates to performance and profitability goals and safeguarding of resources. The Accounting Information System Simulation made me realize that there is an advantage having one person control multiple activities. The disadvantage of having the same person performing multiple activities is having in a process increases if one person has the opportunity to control more then one step of the process. This risk is even more if the person controls consecutive steps because there is no intermediary to check that the steps are not manipulated for personal gains. The separation of duties activity aims to minimize risk by separating the steps of a process in such a way that different person are recording transactions, authorizing them and maintaining custody of assets. See more: Sleep Deprivation Problem Solution Speech Essay The line draws when it comes down to what I thin is right for a company. The simulation solution was that access cards were the best solution. In the stimulation I chose to have the hand clock in machine. Having employees clocking in through the hand machine may be degrading to employees, but at the same time make sure that employees do not have other employees clocking in for them. Some of those hand clocks in machines have little cameras that take a picture every time an employee clocks in or out. Prioritization will affect Ramos International expected loss over the year if the right decision is not made. In the stimulation the effects that I chose were good but not right. The order should follow as secure cash, building, and computer network which will result in the least loss over the year. www.Investopida.comwww.wikipedia.comwww.businessweekly.com

Methods of Analyzing Data in Data Warehouse

Methods of Analyzing Data in Data Warehouse Data Mining methods for Customer Relationaship Management Abstract-Data warehousing and data mining, applied to Customer Relationship Management (CRM), are a relatively fresh sector for organizations considering their immense advantage. Through data mining, organizations can identify key customers, predict future behaviors and take proactive and knowledge driven decisions. In this article, we discuss few data mining techniques for various CRM activities. Keywords- Customer relationship management (CRM); Data mining The crucial element of any successfull business is value creation for a customer. CRM basically tries to pull in, maintain and manage customers. Business intelligence analyses and interprets large amounts of customer data to provide organizations with practical information which can be used to devise strategies for improvement and growth. The ease of data collection in todays world coupled with the low cost of maintaining a data warehouse has increased the accessibility of huge customer data. Data mining has become a backbone for CRM activities. Few years back, data analysis was linked with expensive computing and complicated logic which only mathematicians could understand but this has changed now due to the availability of user friendly desktop tools. Data mining has become a backbone for CRM activities. Data mining and data analysis methods when used properly help to better all CRM phases. In order to retain important customers and to continue to provide the best customer satisfaction, availability of timely and actionable information is very critical. Such information plays a key role in facilitating smart organizational decisions which enables in creating better value for the customer. For maintaining a successful CRM strategy, investments in the understanding of data mining techniques is crucial.ÂÂ   This paper would try and mention some of the data mining techniques for optimization of CRM activities and also to find which technique is important. Pulling in new customers, minimizing defection by important customers and enhancing the experience of existing customers are the key aspects which an effective CRM business strategy assists with. .This article mentions some of the data mining techniques for optimizing CRM activities. A. Content analysis for identifying the right customer The method of deciding on the units of analysis based on the direction of the study is known as content analysis. The conceptÂÂ   of computable and specifiable, categories are defined which help in grouping the processed units of data, quantify and analyze the samples. Content analysis is often used on various advertisements styles, in email communications and on social media. The figure below shows information flow from data collection to useable knowledge. Figure: Knowledge discovery process. [2] First step applies pre-established rules to select data and categorize them into relevant groups. Next step is to clean up and reorder data by disposing off unnecessary information, to establish record-keeping formats and for the purpose of maintaining the integrity and consistency of data which helps in the construction a data platform. The organised data is refined further by grouping into related subjects using data transformation methods. Models and interconnections are developed after analysis which in turn help with decision support. This data when applied to a companies unstructured data is used to find the core (right) customer which in turn helps in planning efficient business strategies and providing appropriate customer service to different customers. B. Mining Customer behavioural changes In an ever changing business environment, trying to analyse customer behaviour is very helpful. Customer, transaction and product databases can be used for change mining. Below figure shows the flow of change mining. Fig. 2. Flowchart for mining changes in customer behavior. [3] Generally some usefull information is concealed in the huge amount of raw data and this needs to be extracted using data transformation. Customer and transaction databases can be used to analyse customer behaviour by using data integration and transformation. As per the figure above, customer, product and transaction databases are used to analyse the customer behavioural variables: Recency, Frequency, Monetary (RFM). Recency represents most recent transaction time, frequency is the number of purchases during a certain period and monetary isÂÂ   the standard amount of expenditure. The attributes, frequency and monetary, are used to segment the customer into different categories namely: Uncertain, Frequent, Spender, Best. The Recency variable can be combined with the above study to develop a target market. Association rules are used for mining customer behaviour by analyzing the relationship of products purchased by a customer in retail stores. A classic application of association rules is the market basket analysis where products bought by a customer during a visit to the supermarket are analysed. This can be used to identify corelations between product purchase and customer profile represented by demographic variables. Customer behavioural data are most effective for generating predictive data which optimizes the CRM. The study of investigating change in customer behaviour is called change mining. Change mining looks at changing customer behaviour to develop some pointers which can be used to mathematically quantify the change in beahviour.ÂÂ   The output of all the above is analysed data which can be used to support efficient marketing. C. Learn and Usage model for Customer retention Loosing current customers to a rival company is termed as customer churn.ÂÂ   Finding better methods for customer retention is very crucial as acquiring new customers proves to be very expensive.This is two phase model: Learning and Usage. The learning phase constructs a churn model which tests and predicts the probablity of defection for a certain customer based on historic data. A policy model is also constructed which clusters the churners by grouping them based on notable attributes. These are then used for creating proper policies for individual groups. During the usage phase the churn model predicts if a certain customer would defect and when there are strong chances of defection, the policy model comes up with relevant policies to retain them. This method not only predicts churning but also helps in reducing it. The following figure shows the learner mode architecture: Fig3: Architecture for learning mode [5] During the learning mode the churn model learner is constructed using histiorical data of individual subscriber like loyalty history, deactivation data, payment history, usage patterns, etc. The churn model can be represented as a decision tree which is used to comment on the likelihood of a specific customer defecting based on their previous data. The policy model constructor is used to build retention strategies for potential churners. The policy model builds retention strategies in two steps, first step is to consult learned churn model to recognize the attributes which have strong relation to the churning and based on these attributes the churners are classified into diferent groups and labelled as per the most significant attribute. Second step is to analyse the significance of these attributes and reccomends policies for retaining the group of churners. In the usage phase the churner model is consulted to predict the chances of customer churn based on the customer data. If the churn probablity is more than 60% then it is considered that the customer has high chances of churning and so policy model proposes a policy response based on the attribute of the group to which the customer belongs for the purpose of retention. This journal reviews the literature concerned with data mining techniques and its applications in CRM. Considering the current competition in the market all organizations suffer from a lot of customer churn which results in huge losses as the cost for acquiring new customers is ten times more than that of retaining existing customers. Hence a lot of research has been made on customer retention. This is also evident from the number of reasearch papers submitted between the years 2000 2006 [1]. The area of customer retention definetly seems to be crucial and requires further research. Data mining methodologies help in providing better understanding of raw data and hence would always be one of the major areas to be researched upon in the futire. References E.W.T Ngai, Li Xiu and D.C.K Chau, Application of data mining techniques in customer relationship management Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 36, Issue 2, part 2, March 2009, pp. 2592 2602. C.W Chang, C.T Lin, L.Q Wang, Mining the text information to optimizing the customer relationship management, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 36, Issue 2, Part 1, March 2009, pp. 1433-1443. Mu Chen Chen, Ai Lin Chiu, Hsu Hwa Chang, Mining changes in customer behavior in retail marketing, Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 28 (2005), pp. 773-781 W. Buckinx, D.V.D. Poel, Customer base analysis: Partial defection of behaviorally-loyal clients in a non-contractual FMCG retail setting, European Journal of Operational Research, 164 (2005), pp. 252-268. Bong-Horng Chu, Ming Shian Tsai, Cheng Seen Ho, Towards a hybrid data mining model for customer retention, Knowledge-Based systems, Volume 20, Issue 8, December 2007, pp. 703-718 Y.L. Chen, K. Tang, R.J. Shen, Y.H. Hu, Market basket analysis in a multiple store environment, Decision Support Systems, 40 (2005), pp. 339-354. YangSeog Kim, W. Nick Street, An intelligent system for customer targeting: a data mining approach, Decision Support Systems, Volume 37, Issue 2, May 2004, pp. 215-228.

Essay --

The ‘just desserts’ theory of sentencing is a form of Retributivism, which is a late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century theory of punishment based on lex talionis or the law of vengeance, derived from the works of a German theorist Immanuel Kant. Retributivism contends that when an individual commits a crime, his punishment should be the equivalent of the crime committed. Kant argued that humans are free and rational agents who recognise that any wrong committed would have to be met with a deserving and equal punishment by the state. He believed that a states failure to punish this wrong would be a corroboration of sorts in the wrongdoing. Furthermore, he held that punishment must only be inflicted upon those who have committed a crime and not for any other purpose. In keeping with this theory of moral reasoning, ‘just deserts’ is a modern form of retributivism, more concerned with seeking proportionality rather than exacting revenge. Supporters of t his version argue that offenders should be punished, but only because they deserve it. An interpretation centred more on the ce...

Review of The Devil Behind The Mirror Essay -- Dominican Culture

Steven Gregory’s book entitled The Devil Behind The Mirror is an ethnographical study of the Dominican Republic. The Dominican Republic is in the Caribbean, it occupies the Western half of an island, while Haiti makes up the Eastern portion. Gregory attempts to study and analyze the political, social and cultural aspects of this nation by interviewing and observing both the tourists and locals of two towns Boca Chica and Andres. Gregory’s research centers on globalization and the transnational processes which affect the political and socio-economics of the Dominican Republic. He focuses on the social culture, gender roles, economy, individual and nation identity, also authority and power relations. Several of the major relevant issues facing Dominican society include racism, sexism, and discrimination, economy of resort tourism, sex tourism and the informal economy. The objective of Gregory’s ethnographic research is to decipher exclusionary practices incorporat ed by resort tourism, how it has affected locals by division of class, gender, and race, increasing poverty and reliance on an informal economy. During Gregory’s ethnographic research in the Dominican Republic, he encounters many individuals, some tourists, others expatriates, as well as citizens native to the island. One individual by the name of Minaya, discusses changes in the sugar cane industry. In 1988 he became a worker at a sugar mill that his uncle owned, but claimed that the industry became â€Å"Capitalized† (Gregory 2007: 15). He explains this capitalization as the industry being leased out to private corporations, which incurred poor working conditions and minimal wages upon the laborers. Minaya also expresses the fact he has no formal education, a big factor... ... as the Dominican Republic. Works Cited Ferguson, James. The Anti-Politics Machine: â€Å"Development†, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. Print. Freeman, Carla. â€Å"Designing Women: Corporate Discipline and Barbados's Off-Shore Pink-Collar Sector.† Cultural Anthropology 8.2 (1993) 169-186. Web. 12 Nov 2010. http://www.jstor.org/stable/656469 Gregory, Steven. The Devil Behind The Mirror: Globalization and Politics in the Dominican Republic. California: University of California Press, 2007. Print. Kearney, M. â€Å"The Local and the Global: The Anthropology of Globalization and Transnationalism.† Annual Review of Anthropology 24, 1995: 547-565. Meier, V. â€Å"Cut-flower production in Colombia—a major development success story for women?† Environment and Planning 31, 1999: 273-289.

Homelessness in america Essay -- essays research papers fc

Homelessness in America   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here in Tahoe, we are lucky enough to experience a great quality of life, and only a few have to face the horrible life of poverty and homelessness. However, nationwide, even right outside the basin, homelessness is a growing epidemic across the country. There are many ways one can become homeless; for the most part poverty. There are also different concentrations of homeless in different types of terrain, such as urban or suburban areas. Last, there is the ever- growing homeless population, and how much money it costs us for others to live in poverty. These are the questions we ask ourselves about homelessness, and the only way we can help is to know the facts about this lingering subject.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The biggest reason people are homeless is simply because of poverty. They just can't afford to have a place to live and food in their mouths. As of 2000, 11.3% of the US population lived in poverty.(1) The number of people in extreme poverty has been increasing since 1999, accounting for 39% of people in poverty, and making less than half the amount of income a person considered in poverty makes.(3) With this amount of people living in poverty, it's no wonder why there are so many homeless today. The reason people are in poverty is because of inflation since the 70's, and the loss of affordable housing projects.(4) This accounts for almost all homeless, but there are also other factors that can contribute as well. There are many people with addiction problems that make them homeless. It's not because they are addicted to drugs, because many people live quite well with an addiction problem, but they could be in a hard point financially, and could be driven to the s treets because of money issues. The hard part for them is getting off the streets once they're on them. Since so much of their money goes to drugs, most drug addicts can't overcome being homeless once they have been for more than 6 months.(1) Mental illness is also a big issue causing homelessness. Approximately 22% of single white male homeless people are suffering from a severe mental illness.(1) The main reason is because Millions of mental patients were dis-institutionalized in the 50's and 60's, and affordable housing wasn't an issue until the 80's, when many of them were reaching 50 and couldn't work and afford housing. L... ... are seen and treated in our society. The biggest part of the problem is the way people act about and to homeless people. It's ridiculous to treat anyone different because of their social status; it's pretty much racism. Simple things people can do is just treat people equally, no matter who they are, and not just basing it on how they look.Homelessness is one of the fastest growing epidemics in the United States right now. There are over 3.5 million homeless people in the US now. Also, a quarter of people living on the streets are severely mentally ill, and must be admitted to institutions, and have the capability to if they were given or knew they had a chance. The poverty level is constantly rising, and is forcing more and more people onto the streets. We can just sit around and hope someone else does it, or we can take action. Next time you walk by homeless man or family, and before you make a judgement about them, just take a minute and think about how easily it could be you . Works Cited 1. www.nationalhomeless.org/facts.html 2.www.weingart.org/institute 3.www.nrchmi.samhsa.gov/facts/ 4.world book H 5. Federal Task Force on Homelessness and Severe Mental Illness website.

Looking for Mr. Right

Most single people in every society around the world have one thing in common. We are all looking for a partner that we can marry. Every society has its method on how we choose a spouse. The Indians have arranged marriages, the Chinese have online dating websites, and the Americans have social gatherings. All of the methods are different but do we find the the perfect partner? While on a field trip, Serena Nanda, met many young singles that was in the process of being arranged for marriage.She couldn’t understand, why these young men and women weren’t reluctant and against the idea of them being married off to a complete stranger that their parents picked. In America we are not used to the term arranged marriage. In an American society, we marry someone we choose, are attracted, and love. Whereas in china they have online dating where they choose from many profiles online and chat through emails which then leads to meeting in person and finally getting married. In India n culture arranged marriages have been the norm for many centuries and almost all marriages are arranged.Serena Nanda, met this young intelligent college graduate name Sita. She had been waiting close to over a year for her parents to pick someone whom she would marry. Sita believed, marriage is so important that it should not be left to them, inexperienced people, to choose. It's so important that she left it in the hands of her parents. While, Americans would say, â€Å"we who are getting married would know best. † Since we are going to be spending the rest of our life we should know whom we would get along with or whom we love.In contrast, Gong Haiyan is a college educated chinese women, who does not have the luxury of having a option between arranged marriage or of choosing for herself. If it was up to her parent to pick a partner for her they would be able to find someone whom she would be interested . And if it was up to her to find someone. She didn’t have time and like she said, â€Å"I didn’t know a soul in the city. † The only option she had was online dating. This method is a relatively a new form of finding a love. In a Chinese society of 1. billion people separated from love by â€Å"three towering mountains,†with no social scenes, no time, and no connections. China’s online dating solves all these problems. With a couple minutes they can create a profile in a online dating website with little or no money and be connected to other singles. Online dating is designed to help provide an efficient way for people to meet potential partners and to get to know them through emails. Eventually you narrow down your options and if you connect then you get married. This method has worked and many Chinese have found a spouse and are happy.Gong Haiyan and many other found their spouse through online dating are married. For Americans dating takes place in social gatherings. Social gatherings can be co-ed softball teams, bars, parties, churches or libraries where people with similar interests can meet and socialize. The process of dating in America is called traditional dating in a social scene. It starts by asking a man or woman of interest out on a traditional date. Usually Americans ask out on several dates to dinners, dances or movies and get’s to further explore the relationship and person he or she is.You get to know that person’s character and personality through dating and if a friendship is developed then it can lead to a romantic relationship and hopefully lead to marriage. Whereas in India they rely on the parents guidance, they decide if the match is suitable and only then will the bride and groom have a say. They won’t compel their child to marry a person whom they dislike. If the match is refused by one only then will another be sought. The process of looking for a partner for their child is not easy. It may take years to find the right match.Arranged marriage, onl ine dating and traditional dating have many similarities but yet at the same time have many differences. Arranged marriages in India have made me realize just how picky marriage are. In India marriage is not just important between the individuals but also important between the family. They need to know the bride’s characteristics to see if she will get along with the family of the groom. Once married the bride will move in with the groom’s family and she needs to get along or she can find it very difficult. In the end all they want is someone that has a good personality that the family could get along.Whereas in China and America they don't pay attention to the bride or groom getting along with the family because they are not expecting to move in with the In-laws. For this reason family relationship is overlooked and is not a priority. Another major difference is how divorce is looked at. In India family reputation is so important that a divorce is still a scandal. And in China and America, divorce is just looked as normal. It happens when two individuals lose interest in each other or when they no longer are happy. In America when one is in love with someone, we don't care if someone in the household was divorced.It has no weight. In India if someone in the household was divorced it puts the whole family in a negative light and it makes hard to get re-married. In every society single people are looking for someone to marry. In India the parents of the bride and groom are focused in finding the right partner. In China online dating tend to focus on finding a husband or wife and in America oneself looks for a prospective partner. In the end the methods are different but the end result is the same, they all find a husband or wife but did they make right decision? Only time will tell.

5 Parts of the Writing Process Essay

5 Parts of the Writing Process 1. Pre-Writing – Before you sit down to write something, you need to figure out what you are going to write about. 2. Drafting – Once you have planned out your ideas, the next step is to start drafting, or writing. 3. Revising – When you revise, you are looking at the parts of your document and making sure that each part works together to make a coherent whole. 4. Proofreading – When a person is finished the â€Å"writing† step of the process and have revised your work, then it is up to the writer to take a step back and look at the writing for errors and correct them. 5. Delivering – Delivering in its simplest form refers to a text that is meant to be read to an audience. See more: Experiment on polytropic process Essay 5 Resources to Help You Improve Your WritingSkills 1. Writing Clearly: A Self-Teaching Guide by Dawn B. Sova With Writing Clearly: A Self-Teaching Guide, you’ll discover the answers to these questions and many more about the basics of communicating effectively through the written word. Each chapter in this hands-on guide focuses on key steps in the writing process, identifying the shared and differing skills demanded by each type of writing; from a persuasive essay, a business letter, or a scientific report. The straightforward, structured format makes it fully accessible, providing an easy-to-understand overview for everyone from students beginning to build skills, to adults looking to improve their writing, to the experienced writer hoping to further hone skills in a certain area. This book allows you to build gradually on what you have learned at your own pace. Questions and self-tests reinforce the information in each chapter and allow you to skip ahead or focus on specific areas of concern. Packed with useful, up-to-date information, this clear, concise volume is a valuable learning tool and reference source for anyone who wants to develop or improve his or her basic writing skills. 2. Report Writing Skills Training Course by Margaret Greenhall  This book makes report writing a step by step process for you to follow every time you have a report to write. Margaret’s understanding of how people read and remember gives a unique view to the process of report writing. This book brings you her tried and tested training techniques to make the process of writing a report straight forward. 3. The Writer’s Workplace with Readings: Building College Writing Skills by Sandra and John Scarry John Scarry and Sandra Scarry present writing instruction in a clear and manageable form, with step-by-step explanations to help build and maintain students’ confidence in their writing. The result of many years of classroom teaching and research, this comprehensive and time-tested resource reflects the authors’ understanding that every student is unique, with different backgrounds and interests that must be accounted for as they engage in the writing process. This offers instructors the opportunity to customize their own version of the book by including or excluding any sections that they do or do not teach in their course-making this a text that reflects not only the students’ needs and experiences, but their instructor’s as well. 4. Writing With Power: Techniques For Mastering the Writing Process by Peter Elbow A classic handbook for anyone who needs to write. This book speaks to everyone who has wrestled with words while seeking to gain power with them. Here, Peter Elbow emphasizes that the essential activities underlying good writing and the essential exercises promoting it are really not difficult at all. Employing a cookbook approach, Elbow provides the reader (and writer) with various recipes: for getting words down on paper, for revising, for dealing with an audience, for getting feedback on a piece of writing, and still other recipes for approaching the mystery of power in writing. By taking risks and embracing mistakes, Elbow hopes the writer may somehow find a hold on the creative process and be able to heighten two mentalities–the production of writing and the revision of it. From students and teachers to novelists and poets, Writing with Power reminds us that we can celebrate the uses of mystery, chaos, no planning, and magic, while achieving analysis, control, explicitness, and care in whatever it is we set down on paper. 5. Steps to Writing Well by Jean Wyrick  Writing well is just a step away! This book gives the student the ultimate step-by-step guide to writing effective essays. With the author’s clear, practical advice and student-friendly tone, you’ll find it easy to begin, organize, and revise your writing-from choosing a topic to developing your essay to polishing your prose. Interesting readings in a variety of styles offer useful examples of the types of essays you’ll most often be assigned in your composition and other college classes.

Operational Budgeting and Profit Planning Essay

Introduction: Why Budget? While a budget planning is a laborious process it is crucial for the success of any company. The budgeting process forces managers to be proactive in planning for the future while fostering communication and coordination within a company. Different departments must work together in order to develop a proper budget. A properly formulated budget will aid to define a company’s objectives and provides guidelines to avoid wasted actions. Also, risk can be mitigated when objectives and action plans are clarified through the budgeting process. This article will identify the key components of a budget as well as the methodologies involved in the budgeting process. The influences of management behavior will be discussed followed by a brief example of bad budgeting practices and its consequences. Master Budget The master budget is a summary of a company’s plans that sets concrete targets for sales, production, distribution and financing activities. Companies prepare cash budget not only for operating activities but also for investing and financial activities. This is because management should be aware in advance of any borrowing needs and when loans can be repaid. Budgets are interdependent because the figures of one budget are conventionally utilized in the preparation of another. Budget estimates are dependent on the nature of the business, its products and services, processes, organization, and management needs. It is a detailed model of the firm’s operating cycle that includes all internal processes which is developed into a cash budget, a budgeted income statement, and a budgeted balance sheet. Advantages The Master Budget defines the organizations objectives and strategies. As well as allowing the company to realistically project future cash flows, it also smoothens the functioning of organizations operating cycle. Disadvantages Disadvantages of developing a master budget is that it is both time consuming and highly complex. However, it should be noted that the advantages of a proper Master Budget far outweighs the disadvantages. Components of the Master Budget The Sales Budget includes the forecast of sales revenue, sale units and sales collection in the future market conditions. The Purchase budget would include purchase of merchandise for sale and raw material for manufacturing. It is expressed in terms of sales dollars. The Selling Expense Budget presents expenses the organization plans to incur in connection with sales and distribution. The General and Administrative Expense Budget presents the expenses the organization plans to incur in connection with general administration such as the accounts department, the IT department, law etc. The Cash Budget summarizes all cash receipts and disbursements expected to occur during the budgeting period. After a company makes sales predictions, an organization uses information regarding credit terms, collection policy, and prior collection experience to develop a cash collection budget. Other items included are an allowance for bad debt, cash sales, sales discount, allowance for volume discounts, and seasonal changes of sales prices and collections. The cash budget shows cash operations deficiencies and surplus expected to occur at the end of each month, which is used to plan for borrowing and loan payments. Budgeted Financial Statements are pro forma statements that reflect the â€Å"as  if† effects of the budgeted activities on the actual financial position of the organization. It reflects the results of operations assuming the budget predictions. Budget Development in a Manufacturing Organization Manufacturing organization converts the raw materials into finished goods and sells it to the customer for consumption. It prepares the master budget before production to make the organization successful and survive in a competitive environment. For example, a Bicycle manufacturer will plan a Master Budget in the following fashion: A Sales Budget will be based on the anticipation of sales of the Bicycle and pricing policy, expected number of units to be sold and the revenue generated. Once the sales budget is completed the Production Budget will derive the total volume of Bicycle units to be manufactured based on the targeted sales and inventory required to maintain sales. For example, if the expected number of sales of Bicylces for the month of January is 500 units, the production budget will plan for 650 units (Sales projected (500) + inventory as per company s strategy (30%)). The Purchase budget will be obtained based on volume of Bi Cycles to be manufactured, material required to manufacture a single unit and the cost of materials. As per the above example, the material required for 650 units will be budgeted for the month of January. The Manufacturing Cost Budget will be derived from the cost of making 650 units of bicycles using the design of product and process used to manufacture while considering the raw material cost, direct labor cost and manufacturing over headed cost. Finalizing the Budget For efficient and effective budgeting two questions must be addressed: Is the proposed budget feasible? Is the proposed budget acceptable? To be feasible the organization must be able to implement the proposed budget. Possible actions include obtaining equity financing, issue long-term debt, reducing the amount of inventory on hand, or obtaining a line of credit. Constraints for infeasibility are availability of merchandise and production capacity for a manufacturer. When evaluating the budget, management must consider various financial ratios such as return on assets, profit margins, etc. The company must compare the return provided by the proposed budget, the past budget and industry average as well as the organization’s goals. Budgeting Methodologies Input/Output Approach Companies using the Input/Output approach calculate the required input or resources through estimating the potential output or performance. For example, if a microchip manufacturing plant requires 5 grams of metal to create one microchip and each gram costs $2, then each microchip costs $10 of material. Thus, a projected output of 1000 microchips would cost $10,000 and 5 kilograms of material. This approach is mainly used for industries with a measurable relationship between effort and return, such as manufacturing, service, and merchandising but is not compatible with industries that are inelastic to unit level changes. Activity-based Approach The Activity-based Approach is subset of the Input/Output which reduces the potential for error by determining cost through evaluating the cost of each activity in the manufacturing process rather than focusing on inputs such as machine or labor hours. Thus, the approach provides a more accurate picture of costs involved by providing costs at each level of production. It results in a more efficient budget by allowing the identification of the optimal set of activities. However, it is far more time consuming to produce. Incremental Approach A budget prepared using the previous year budget as a base with some percentage increase or decrease is called incremental budget. Budget  justification is to be given only for the percentage change not for the base amount (previous year’s budget). This type of budget is best suited for non-profit organizations, government organizations or in organizations in which the amount of output is weakly correlated to the money spent. For example, the Boston Public School budget for FY12 increased by 1.2% from the FY 11 and for FY11 it increased by 0.4% of the FY 10 budgets (OBM 2011, 2012). The increase in both budgets was justified as improving opportunities for English Language learners, arts and physical education, but not for their existing programs. The advantages of this budget are that it is easy to practice, quick preparation, stability and conflict avoidance between departments due to different budget approval. Some of the main disadvantages are there is no incentive to red uce expense as peopmsle are tempted to spend the allotted expense so that their future budget is not affected. Also, no room for innovative changes to the budget is given. Minimum Level Approach In this type of approach a minimum budget level is fixed for carrying out ongoing projects and activities and anything above the budget should be justified. For example, the R&D budget in a pharmaceutical company is fixed for ongoing projects and new projects must be approved by the management. Main advantages are ongoing projects will not be disturbed due to budget changes and last year budget will not be approved without revision as in the case of Incremental approach. The Minimum level approach is considered as Zero Level Budgeting in some organizations in which for every amount spent, justification must be (TWF n.d.). For example if an R&D department of an Electronics manufacturer puts forth many project proposals to the management , based on the market trend and project feasibility, the management will approve the most profitable project. Advantages of this method are that allocation of resources is very efficient and detects inflated budgets. However, this method consumes a significant amount of time and resources. Manager Behavior Top-down vs. Bottom-up In addition to macro methods of budgeting (Input/output, activity based, incremental, and minimum level) there is also a distinction between top-down/imposed and bottom-up/participative budgets. These two methods represent opposite extremes of a spectrum of which a company’s budgeting procedure may fall on any point. As the name suggests, a Top-down Budget is formulated by a small number of high ranking managers who make all decisions regarding a company’s objectives which are then received by the lower managers who implement the plan. Because only a few people are involved in the decision making, it is quick and saves time. It also avoids the cushion that is lower management tend to build into their budgets. However, because only a few people are involved in the decision-making process, those not involved may lack the motivation and commitment to properly implement the plan. On the opposite end of the spectrum is the Bottom-up process of budgeting. It begins at the lowest possible management level, whose budget plan is then integrated with the proposals at the next level. The process is continued until a comprehensive holistic budget is developed for the company. The Bottom-up process ensures that managers at each level clearly understand their roles in meeting company objectives. Therefore, budgets are usually far more accurate and employees are more committed to their self-made budget. However, inefficiencies tend to occur with a bottom-up process. Managers tend to provide a budgetary slack (understating revenues or overstating expenses) in order to provide a cushion against underperformance or unfavorable reviews. While this may cause inefficient spending, it can provide funds to reduce risky activities of which there is insufficient information. Budgeting Periods There are three types of budgeting periods used by companies: Fixed-length, Life Cycle and Continuous/Rolling Budgets. The type of period used is determined by the context of the budget. Most companies use fixed-length budgets determined at the beginning of a specified period. However, for single projects, a Life Cycle budget is more attractive, where a company  determines the budget for the entire project; especially if the project occurs within a period or over multiple periods. A continuous budget may be more useful than a fixed-budget as it forces managers to be continually updating their budget. Where a one-year budget plan is only available at the beginning of the year, a 4 quarter rolling budget requires managers to continually have a budget plan for a whole year at the beginning of each quarter, thus, sustaining the budgets relevancy. Forecasts, Ethics, and Open Book Management In addition to deciding methodologies of budgeting, a manager must also consider company forecasts, ethics and employee support. A manager must allow for the development of various forecasts and consider them during the budgeting process. Industry forecasts, such as economic conditions, as well as internal forecasts, such as collection periods, should be factored into the budget. Because ethical issues regarding budgeting are rarely illegal, there is a strong incentive to either pad the budgetary slack or overstate performance. Organizations should be firm in their rules against unethical behavior as it is easy to fall into a moral gray area. Finally, in order to properly motivate employees by gaining support for the budget, many companies have adopted an Open Book Management approach. The approach involves interacting with employees by sharing information and teaching employees to understand the relevant financial information. Sample Analysis A well formulated budget is crucial in order to facilitate a company’s operations. However, when a company’s budget is poorly formulated, it can have disastrous consequences. An example is OGX Petrà ³leo e Gà ¡s Participaà §Ãƒ µes S.A. owned by Eike Batista. At the company’s peak in 2009, it achieved an IPO of $3 billion (Spinetto et al. 2013). However, the company filed for bankruptcy on Oct. 30, 2013 with debts of $5.11 billion with Batista being sued for violations of disclosure ruels (Fontevecchia 2013). While its failure was due to a variety of factors, we will argue that poor budgeting  is a crucial factor. Within the petroleum industry, the exploration and production process is both a high risk and high expense venture where predicted outputs require complex calculations (Suslick et al. 2009). Even after production has begun, the projected output may change depending on a variety of variables (Katusa 2012). OGX had calculated potential output at 4.8 billion barrels and therefore invested heavily into the required infrastructure based on this estimate (Spinetto 2013). However, these decisions were made before the wells were operational which resulted in final outputs at roughly 50% of the initial amount (Katusa 2012). Management decisions at OGX were made by Bastista and a small group of managers and its inputs were based on an estimation of outputs (Katusa 2012, Spinetto 2013). In addition, performance was highly overstated due to â€Å"[Batista’s] tendency to shoot the messenger† (Spinetto 2013). Therefore, OGX should have adopted a bottom-up minimum level approach of budgeting as well as adopting a policy of reporting performance after confirmation. A bottom-up approach would have generated a much more precise picture of performance and costs while a minimum-level approach would have required confirmation of projected outputs before beginning operations at the cost of time. In addition, reporting performance after confirmation would have avoided any overstatements of performance. Conclusion To be successful in a competitive environment a company must develop proper Master Budget in order to promote proactive thought, communication and coordination within a company. It is also an important aide to planning and risk management. In order for a company to run smoothly, the Master Budget must balance all the variable constituents of a company’s operational activities. In addition, methodologies used, while utilized at the management’s discretion, should reflect the context of the company’s operations. As illustrated in the OGX example, failure to properly develop a budget can have catastrophic consequences to a company. References City of Boston: Office of Budget Management (OBM). 2011. Summary Budget. Retrieved Oct. 2013 from http://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/02%20Summary%20Budget_tcm3-16341.pdf City of Boston: Office of Budget Management (OBM). 2012. Summary of Budget. Retrieved Oct. 2013 from http://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/02%20Summary%20Budget%20A_tcm3-24767.pdf Easton, P.D., Halsey, R.F., McAnally, M.L., Hartgraves, A., & Morse, W.J. 2013. Financial & Managerial Accounting for MBAs 3rd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Business Publishers. Fontevecchia, A. 2013. Death of the Brazilian Dream: Ex-billionaire Eike Batista’s OGX Files for Bankruptcy. Forbes, Oct. 30. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/afontevecchia/2013/10/30/death-of-the-brazilian-dream-ex-billionaire-eike-batistas-ogx-files-for-bankruptcy/ Katusa, M. 2012. Brazilian Oil Dreams Get a Sobering Reality Check. Casey Research, July 2012. Available at: http://www.caseyresearch.com/cdd/brazilian-oil-dreams-get-sobering-reality-check Spinetto, J.P., Millard, P., & Wells, K. 2013. How Brazil’s Richest Man Lost $34.5 Billion in a Year. Bloomberg Businessweek. (October): 60-65. Suslick, S.B., Schlozer, D., & Rodriguez, M.R. 2009. Uncertainty and Risk Analysis in Petroleum Exploration and Production. Terrae 6 (1): 30-41.

Imagine you are Arthur miller Essay

This may be because they lack the language to express themselves fully or because they do not want to put their ideas into words. Eddie and Beatrice’s relationship is deteriorating because Eddie is jealous of Rodolfo. Beatrice is aware of a deeper, more disturbing reason for Eddie’s protectiveness for Catherine. It soon becomes clear that she is unhappy about Eddie’s attitude to his niece and she is able to persuade him to allow Catherine to start work when she gets offered one. Beatrice repeats the words â€Å"What do you want from me? † over again. â€Å"When am I going to be a wife again, Eddie? † She wants to know if he still loves her because they haven’t talked or had any physical or sexual relationships which means that part of their relationship with each other has broken down, and despite challenging Eddie over this, Beatrice is unable to make him face why this might be, let alone make him admit his weakness to himself, as a result of this she remains powerless to help him. Beatrice realized she had to tell Eddie that he wants â€Å"somethin’ else, Eddie, and you can never have her! † This key dialogue within the play not only causes Catherine and Eddie’s relationship to deteriorate, but because Eddie will not allow her to try to achieve adult hood; he is possessive and controlling. It is this urge to protect Catherine, to keep her from discovering her independence, that makes him particularly sensitive to the presence of Marco and especially Rodolfo, to whom Catherine becomes attracted. Catherine sometimes sits on the edge of the bath, in her underwear, talking to Eddie while he shaves. This shows how close they once were but also hints at the inappropriate crossing of boundaries, that leads to the eventual break up in their relationship. But, Catherine finding work, her growing attraction towards Rodolfo, which leads to their planned marriage, brings out an increasingly aggressive reaction in Eddie that starts to break the family apart. Eddie is suspicious of Rodolfo’s interest in Catherine, believing that he seeks to marry her in order to gain the American Citizenship. It becomes clear to Catherine that Rodolfo’s intentions towards her are motivated by his love for her. Eddie’s dislike not to be Catherine’s affections, as well as his desire for her, which forces him to talk with Alfieri for advice and which, even after Alfieri has told him to let events follow their natural course. This pushes Eddie to betray Eddie and Rodolfo. At the end, Catherine says â€Å"Rat in the sewer† and is always shouting which shows how much their relationship has disappeared. She becomes more rebellious and independent and Beatrice becomes increasingly frustrated as she realizes how the events will go. Eddie’s aggression towards Rodolfo is shown in the boxing scenes. Eddie’s main problems with Rodolfo are that he cooks; he sings; he’s blonde; he sews; he dances and seems to be extremely feminine overall. To Eddie all the talents that Rodolfo is showing, points to only one thing in his eyes: he’s gay. Most of the time Eddie doesn’t know all the facts and jumps to conclusions, he refuses to see sense â€Å"his eyes were like tunnels†. Eddie cannot be persuaded otherwise, he is self centred and doesn’t care whose feelings he hurts as long as he proves his point. Eddie and Rodolfo are completely different. Physically Eddie has brown hair, quite well built, straightforward and simple where as Rodolfo has blonde hair, lighthearted, good looking and light on his feet; their language, even though English is Rodolfo’s second language, he is able to express himself more passionately and imaginatively then Eddie. Rodolfo and Eddie’s attitudes differ because of the generation gap and Eddie has more experience about things, he’s older and ‘wiser’. Rodolfo asks a lot of questions about things and wants to get a job, buy a motorcycle, and have dreams and fantasies of his future life. Marco and his structure, in comparison to Eddie, is similar in the fact that they both show signs of bulk and muscle and both enjoy to work hard for their family. That is why they got along in the beginning. Their interaction with each other clearly shows that Eddie preferred talking to Marco rather than Rodolfo. At the end of act 1, Marco gives Eddie a physical threat with â€Å"the chair raised like a weapon over Eddie’s head†. Marco shows Eddie ‘how to’ lift the chair and Eddie tries but fails again and again. Marco tried to scare Eddie but he has to get the message first. Marco lifts the chair over his head and gives Eddie a glare of warning and triumph. Eddie’s grin disappears as he finally gets the message. At the end of act 5 shows just how far Eddie was determined to go to try and get his name back from Marco. Eddie gets killed by Marco because he turned both Marco and Rodolfo into the Immigration Bureau. This act of betrayal on members of his own extended family allows the tragedy, which Alfieri foresaw at the beginning and he knew he wouldn’t be able to prevent these things happening. Though despite Alfieri’s best efforts, Marco is set upon getting revenge for his betrayal, while Eddie is determined to maintain his reputation and honour. Eddie felt that the only way he could get his respect from the people back was to try and kill Marco. They finally come face to face in view of the neighbourhood and the unpreventable tragedy happens. Marco was stronger and it was Eddie’s own knife and arrogance that killed him. This scene is where Catherine and Beatrice admit that they really do care for Eddie. Thank you for writing to me Albert, I hope my advice aids your performance in the play. Yours sincerely, Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

The Peloponnesian War, 431404 B.C.E Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Peloponnesian War, 431404 B.C.E - Essay Example Athens feared for war with Corinth and Sparta and hence it tightened its Potidaea colony by ordering then to bring down their city walls. Against Athens wish, Potidaea rebelled and refused to obey the Athens. Corinthians on the other hand feared the long term growth and strength of the Athens power and were anxious to contain it. They resulted to sending help to Potidaea eventually violating a 30 year old truce of never to help groups considered enemies to the Athens.2 Sparta’s decision to go into war came after they noted a rise in Athenian power and feared that if left to be too strong they might destroy Sparta. Corinth played a role by creating a false allegation on Athens that they were breaking the 30 years truce they had signed. Consequently, Sparta found every reason of war with Athens but missed their main worry of rise in Athenian power. The Peloponnesian war was divided into phases by historians. First, was the Archidamian war; a phase that included the Sparta invading the Attica. Athens on the other side, due to their naval supremacy raided the coast of Peloponnese which resulted to unrest in its empire. The first phase was marked with signing of the treaty known as Peace of Nicias though the treaty never stayed in place for long.3 Athens undermined it and renewed the fighting in Peloponnese and went ahead to use extreme force against Syracuse though it failed immediately. Decelean was the final phase of war and at this level Sparta got support from Persia and hence supported Athens’ rebellions leading to the undermining of the Athens Empire resulting to extinction of Athens supremacy. The end result saw Athens bow down in the year to follow.4 Peloponnesian war had its effects to the fighters and Greece in general. The war resulted to the reshaping of the ancient Greek. In terms of international relationship, Athens which was up to then the strongest city

The community paramedic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The community paramedic - Essay Example Better known as â€Å"the flu,† influenza is a viral respiratory disease of the upper respiratory system (Lowen, Mubareka, Steel & Palese, 2007). If unchecked, it may develop into pneumonia or other serious conditions, especially in the case of pregnant women, younger children, older adults, and people suffering health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and asthma, which compromise the immune system. It is seasonal, running from fall to spring and reaching its peak during winter. Influenza A, B, and C viruses cause the seasonal flu, which has virus strains that mutate every year. This necessitates development of a new flu vaccine every year. The symptoms for the seasonal flu include moderate-to-high fever; dry and hacking cough; shaking chills; sore throat; headache; severe body and muscle aches; profound fatigue; and runny/stuffy nose. The common cold is named as such because it infects far more people than the seasonal flu (Singh & Das, 2011). The common cold, however, does not result in respiratory conditions, and its mild symptoms may take up to two weeks to subside. It can result from more than 100 varying viruses. Among the most common of these viruses is the highly contagious rhinovirus that causes sneezing and sniffling. Other viruses include respiratory syncytial viruses and coronaviruses. A majority of common colds occur in low humidity areas, especially during winter and fall months. The symptoms of the common cold include sore throat, stuffy/running nose, mild-to-moderate fever, sneezing, headache or body aches, cough, and mild fatigue. Community paramedics have an overall role of ensuring continual improvement of the healthcare system in a community. They assist in monitoring of influenza vaccination programs through assessment, whereby they ensure regular collection, collation, analysis and distribution of information on influenza vaccination programs

A consideration of the biblical theme, Kingdom of God, showing the Essay

A consideration of the biblical theme, Kingdom of God, showing the development of meaning in the Old and New Testaments - Essay Example The ‘Kingdom of God’ is a fundamental theme which runs from Genesis to Revelation. In its earliest expression there are strong similarities to the views of ‘kingship’ and ‘kingdom’ which were current among nations during the period of the OT, but from the outset it was clear that this was understood in terms of a universal and eternal divine authority. This overriding principle becomes increasingly dominant in the Biblical perspective until it comes to reality in the life and work of Jesus Christ. The actual phrase ‘kingdom of God’ does not occur in the OT. But from the outset the idea of God as absolute monarch and his kingly rule are pervasive in Scripture.†(Cf.New Dictionary of Theology). The concept of â€Å"Kingdom† is not current in the democratic mindset of our modern world. Ladd points out that in western idiom a kingdom is primarily seen as a realm over which a king exercises his authority. He quotes a modern dictionary definition: â€Å"A state or monarchy the head of which is a king, Dominion, realm†, and adds that while a secondary meaning of â€Å"kingdom,† relates to the people belonging to a given realm. He does not see either of these definitions as being accurate, as they tend to â€Å"lead astray from a correct understanding of the Biblical truth.† Much better, he says, is an ‘archaic’ definition in Webster’s dictionary, ‘The rank, quality, state or attributes of a king; royal authority, dominion, monarchy; kingship.† (Ibid). Greek and Hebrew scholars that the primary meaning of the Hebrew word â€Å"malkuth† in the Old Testament and the Greek word â€Å"basilieia† in the New Testament is of the rank, authority, and sovereignty exercised by a king. As Ladd says, â€Å"When the word refers to God’s Kingdom, it always refers to His reign, His rule, His sovereignty, and not to any realm in which it is exercised. (20) Kittel underlines this; â€Å"†¦ the expression denotes the fact that God is king, i.e. it describes His kingly being or kingship.† Edersheim adds that the rule of heaven and the kingship of God was the â€Å"very substance of the Old Testament; the object of the calling and mission of Israel; the meaning of all its ordinances whether civil or religious; the underlying idea of all its institutions.† The Old Testament, he says, could not be understood without this.† (265) It was common that the rule of a king would be established by the terms of a co venant, in which two parties are bound together in a solemn, unbreakable oath. There are a series of covenants in the Bible, the terms of which were always determined by God. The earliest books of the Old Testament outline these covenants, showing the development of the nation that was to be the primary realm of his sovereignty on earth. God chose a series of patriarchs to found this nation; giving specific promises, and calling for their trust and obedience. For several centuries these people, the descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, lived in and are eventually become enslaved in Egypt. After 430 years, â€Å"God commissioned Moses, with Aaron as his mouthpiece , to lead out the Hebrew slaves, tribal descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, from Egypt, to become a nation in Palestine, the land of promise (Exodus 3:4)† (New Bible Dictionary). At Mount Sinai, god established a covenant with the Israelites, grounding His requirements (the laws which were to function as the constitution for a theocratic kingdom in which God would be the sole ruler) on what He had already done for them, and giving promises of great blessings which would accrue if they were obedient to the terms of the covenant. Closely coupled to the idea of God’s absolute sovereignty is the fact of his holiness. â€Å"God is the king of His covenant people, Israel. In a particular sense, not true of any other nation. †¦

Total Rewards Programs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Total Rewards Programs - Research Paper Example According to the paper in spite of the age old concept, worth noting is that total rewards is especially relevant in the present-day work environment, whereby globalization has made it possible for employees to work in diverse environments. The following total rewards system proposal seeks to focus on the latest available information with regard to creating, organizing as well as effectively managing a total rewards program. The program is targeted for the ABC Company, a service-based organization that employs more than 20,000 located in 17 different countries. There are also over 2,000 management level employees who speak in diverse languages. In consideration of the multiple regulatory environments, a total rewards systems is proposed. Firstly, a brief overview of the company requirements for a total rewards system is provided. A total rewards strategy has then been formulated and the various advantages of the proposed strategy explained. Further, the key communication components o f the system are established. Lastly, but certainly not least, a strategy has been examined for devising a competitive pay structure. The total reward program is holistic and does not rely on one or two reward systems operating in isolation. Further, there is good account of every manner in which people can obtain satisfaction and are rewarded through their work. The objective of total rewards is to maximize the combined impact of a wide range of reward initiatives on motivation, organizational commitment and job engagement. This concept aims to blend the financial as well as non-financial reward elements into a cohesive whole. As put by O’Neal   Ã¢â‚¬Å"total reward embraces everything that employees value in the employment relationship.† WorldatWork also offer an equally wide definition of total reward, stating that â€Å"all of employer’s available tools that may be used to attract, retain, motivate and satisfy employees.† Overview of company requireme nts for a total rewards system From this paper it is clear that there is an increasing need for corporations to come up with reward systems that motivate employees to work harder and more effectively. These systems usually teach associates the importance of being productive and efficient, as well as their inherent value in companies. However, considering the pressures associated with incentives or performance, or even ineffective implementation procedures, in some situations, these systems can encourage unethical or even unwanted behaviors . Therefore, to attract and retain the best workers, corporations need to have an appropriate rewards system that will always reward and encourage workers to always remain focused on producing the best quality services in an efficient manner, thereby meeting the needs of customers. This corporation needs a reward system that will be linked with goal-setting, competency measures and employee development. A reward system will help the corporation in moving toward a better alignment between company strategies and values and performance management. This will help in decentralizing the decision-making down company hierarchy to help in empowering every manager located in different parts of the world.